Rider assistance systems: Know which systems are fitted - ABS, traction control, riding modes (rain/sport/urban) - and understand how each affects throttle response and braking
Warning lights: Recognise dashboard warning lights and understand what action is required
The Journey ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Purpose may influence riding: Being late, riding for pleasure, or riding under time pressure can unconsciously affect speed and risk-taking
Route choice and planning: Consider road types, expected traffic, weather, rest stops, and fuel needs before setting off
An honest assessment of the journey before departure is part of advanced riding preparation
The Wider World ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Peer pressure: Group riding can create pressure to match others' pace or take risks outside your comfort zone - always ride to your own standard
Risk attitudes: Understand your own attitude to risk; advanced riders recognise and manage risk rather than accepting it unconsciously
Social media, riding culture, and group dynamics can all negatively influence riding behaviour if unchecked
Pre-Drive / Ride Checks ▼
Fitness / Eyesight Check ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
The associate must demonstrate they are fit to ride and have adequate eyesight before every observed ride.
Knowledge - IPSGA (System of Motorcycle Control) ▼
The System: Information, Position, Speed, Gear, Acceleration ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
IPSGA is the system of motorcycle control - a methodical approach applied to every hazard
The associate must apply IPSGA appropriately and time it correctly
The correct timing of IPSGA is paramount in achieving a safe smooth ride
All competencies interlink - the logbook does not have to be completed in order
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Information (TUG): Take, Use, Give - runs throughout all phases continuously
Position: For safety, view and stability. Account for road surface and other road users
Speed: Adjust for visibility, road surface, cornering, other road users and unseen hazards
Gear: Select appropriate gear for the speed. Use block-changing or sequential changes. "Brakes are for slowing, gears are for going"
Acceleration: Apply correct throttle to negotiate and leave the hazard safely
Consider all phases for every hazard but you may not need every phase in every situation
Be ready to return to an earlier phase as new information arrives
Brake/gear overlap: Permitted as a planned technique in later stages of braking - must never result from late or rushed braking
OAP - Observation, Anticipation, Planning ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
OAP underpins all advanced riding: Observation, sensible Anticipation, accurate Planning
Combined with sound operation of controls, OAP enables a comfortable, progressive ride while maintaining safety
OAP is not a separate technique - it is the thinking process that drives every application of IPSGA
Observation: Gather information continuously from all sources - road, signs, environment, other road users
Anticipation: Use what you see (and what you cannot yet see) to predict what is likely to happen next
Planning: Decide on the safest, most appropriate course of action with time to execute it smoothly
Observation & Awareness ▼
Observation - Scanning ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Through good Observation, Sensible Anticipation and accurate Planning (OAP) combined with sound operation of controls, riders should enjoy a comfortable, progressive ride while maintaining safety
Scan effectively using far, middle and near distance vision
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Sweep far distance, middle distance, foreground, sides and rear continuously
Avoid fixing on one area - keep eyes moving
When a new view opens, scan the new scene quickly
Target fixation: The bike goes where you look. Always look where you want to go, not at the hazard you want to avoid
The faster you go, the further ahead you must look - foreground detail blurs at speed
Helmets may restrict peripheral vision - compensate by moving your head
Use all senses: sound (horn, siren), smell (diesel, bonfire) provide hazard warnings
Observation Links ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Observation links are chains of linked information that allow the rider to build a picture of what lies ahead
Physical features: Road surface changes, verge type, hedgerows, telegraph poles, buildings - all give clues about the road ahead
Road signs: Warning signs, speed limit changes, junction signs - each links to expected road conditions ahead
Environmental clues: Reflections in windows, shadows, dust, vegetation movement, sound of vehicles around corners
Example: tree line curving right + dip in road + mud on surface = sharp wet bend with farm traffic
Train yourself to read these chains automatically - this is what separates anticipation from reaction
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Observation links: Row of parked vehicles = doors opening, pedestrians stepping out; bus at stop = pedestrians crossing
Look beyond the next hazard - a series of hazards may need to be treated as one
Drivers build expectations around common vehicle types - bikes are small in a driver's field of vision, so be vigilant
Use of Mirrors and Rear Observation ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Check mirrors before changing speed or position
Make appropriate checks to cover blind spot areas
Link what is in the mirror to hazards developing ahead to remain safe
High-speed traffic approaching from rear is relevant to decision-making even when still far behind
Motorcycle Roadcraft
The Lifesaver Check: A final glance into the blind spot just before committing to a manoeuvre
Do it early enough to adopt an alternative plan if needed
Essential in congested urban areas and when turning right
At high-speed overtaking, when certain of what is behind, it may be safer to keep eyes ahead
Use mirrors plus looking behind. Check rear before any change in speed or position
Learn to check behind quickly - don't do it twice when once is enough
Highway Code
Use mirrors frequently and in good time before signalling or changing direction/speed (Rule 161)
Be aware mirrors do not cover all areas - look round and check blind spots
Be aware that following traffic may not share your level of awareness
Show brake lights to other vehicles even when slowing using acceleration sense
Make eye contact with other riders/drivers to assist in communicating intentions
Be particularly mindful of vulnerable road users: cyclists, horse riders, pedestrians
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Take information from the environment continuously
Use the information to plan your riding
Give information to other road users through signals, position, speed, lights, horn
Position as communication (Give): Road position itself communicates intent to other road users - moving to the centre line signals a right turn; moving left signals a left turn or that the road ahead is clear
Highway Code
Give clear signals in plenty of time; cancel after use (Rules 103-105)
Flashing headlights only means "I am here" - not permission to proceed (Rule 110)
Horn: only while moving to warn of presence. MUST NOT use in built-up areas 11:30pm-7am except danger (Rule 112)
Signalling does not give priority or right to carry out the manoeuvre
Road Signs and Markings ▶
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Read and respond to all road signs and markings as part of information gathering
Signs give early warning of hazards: bends, junctions, speed limits, road conditions
Use signs to plan ahead and apply IPSGA in good time
Observation links: Signs, road markings and physical features provide clues to upcoming hazards
Highway Code
Double white solid line nearest you: MUST NOT cross (exceptions: stationary vehicle, pedal cycle, horse, road maintenance at <10mph) (Rule 129)
Hatched areas with solid border: MUST NOT enter except in emergency (Rule 130)
Reflective studs: white = lanes, red = left edge, amber = central reservation, green = lay-bys/slip roads (Rule 132)
Anticipation ▶
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Consider: what you can see, what you cannot see, what you might reasonably expect, and your contingency plan
Look beyond the next hazard - a series of hazards may need to be treated as one
Three hazard types: Physical features (junctions, bends), other road users (position/movement), weather conditions
Observation links: Row of parked vehicles = doors opening, pedestrians stepping out; bus at stop = pedestrians crossing
Drivers build expectations around common vehicle types - bikes are small in a driver's field of vision, so be vigilant
You see what you expect to see - beware of complacency on familiar roads
Hazard Identification & Management ▼
Hazard Identification ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Use visual clues to predict possible hazards and prepare for situations that may arise
Identify hazards early through effective scanning
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Physical hazards: Junctions, bends, hills, narrowings, road surface changes
Moving hazards: Other road users - their position, speed, direction, signals
Prioritise hazards - deal with the most dangerous first
Ride over unavoidable surface hazards upright and slowly
Hazard Management ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Prioritise response to any hazard in a safe, controlled manner
Use the system (IPSGA) to manage every hazard
The ride should display the "quiet efficiency" of an advanced rider
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Create a flexible "safety bubble" around your machine - vary its size and shape to prioritise hazards
Apply IPSGA systematically: gather information, position for safety and view, adjust speed, select gear, accelerate away
Safe stopping distance rule: Always ride so you can stop safely within the distance you can see to be clear on your own side of the road
Complex situations need more decision time - reduce speed to increase thinking time
Vulnerable Road Users ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Be particularly mindful of cyclists, horse riders and pedestrians
Keep them safe with timely, accurate communication
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Cyclists: Allow at least 1.5 metres. Only overtake on the offside. Don't overtake then turn across their path
Horses: Pass at no more than 15 mph. Avoid using horn. Allow plenty of room
Pedestrians: Watch for unexpected crossing, especially near schools, shops, bus stops
Highway Code
Rule H1 - Hierarchy of Road Users: Those who can cause greatest harm bear the greatest responsibility
Rule H2: Give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross a road you are turning into
Rule H3: Do not cut across cyclists, horse riders or horse-drawn vehicles going ahead when turning
Give cyclists at least 1.5m space at up to 30mph, more at higher speeds (Rule 163)
Bends & Cornering ▼
Limit Point ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Understand and use the limit point to judge the correct entry speed for bends
Motorcycle Roadcraft
The limit point is the furthest point where you have an uninterrupted view of the road surface (where left and right edges appear to meet)
If the limit point moves away from you - you may accelerate
If the limit point moves toward you - decelerate or brake
Match your speed to the movement of the limit point at all times
For left-hand bends, treat the centre line as the right edge
Be aware of double-apex bends that tighten after initial entry - the limit point will warn you
Cornering Technique ▶
Motorcycle Roadcraft - Five Key Principles
1. Correct position on approach
2. Right speed for the corner
3. Right gear for that speed
4. Able to stop in the distance you can see to be clear
5.Positive throttle to maintain constant speed through the bend
Positioning on Bends
Right-hand bends: Position toward the left of your road space for best view and stability
Left-hand bends: Position toward the centre line for early view (but consider oncoming traffic)
Always sacrifice position for safety
Counter-steering - the primary steering mechanism above ~20mph: Above approximately 20mph, a motorcycle steers by pushing the handlebar in the direction opposite to the turn - push left to go right, push right to go left. This is not an advanced technique; it is how all motorcycles physically steer at speed. Many riders do it without realising. The common misconception is that you turn the bars like a bicycle - at speed this is incorrect and counter-productive
Apply counter-steering pressure smoothly - abrupt inputs unsettle the bike
Camber: Normal road crown helps on left bends but works against you on right bends
Braking Technique ▶
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Tyre grip trade-off: Limited grip shared between accelerating, braking and cornering - if more is used for one, less is available for others
Brake firmly only in a straight line; brake in plenty of time
Front wheel produces the largest braking effort - use both brakes for optimum stopping
Under braking, weight shifts forward making rear wheel easier to lock
Avoid front brake when banked, turning, or on loose/slippery surfaces
Progressive braking: Brake early and lightly, more firmly as needed, ease off before stopping
ABS: Apply brakes fully, don't release when you feel pulsing. ABS retains grip but doesn't increase it
Highway Code
Skids are caused by braking, accelerating or steering too harshly (Rule 119)
Remove the cause: release brake or ease accelerator, steer into the skid
MUST NOT coast (travel in neutral or with clutch down) - reduces control (Rule 122)
Junctions & Roundabouts ▼
Junctions and Roundabouts ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Identify the type of junction on approach using signs
Monitor speed and distance on approach - allow time to gather information and plan
Assess speed and position of other road users; scan movements to anticipate intentions
"Planning to stop but looking for information to go"
Check mirrors and blind spots before deciding on other actions
Accurately identify the first entry gap that is safe to use
A straight line may be taken through a roundabout if safe and no other road users are present
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Apply IPSGA to every junction
Position for turning: Nearside for left turns, toward centre line for right turns
Crossroads (right turns): Prefer offside-to-offside pass for better view. Use nearside-to-nearside only when layout demands
Avoid "swan necking" - swinging out just before a left turn
Stopping behind vehicles: See the rear tyres and some tarmac ("tyres and tarmac") for safety space
You are especially vulnerable at junctions - drivers who look but fail to see you
Highway Code
MUST stop at Stop signs (Rule 171)
Give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross (Rule H2)
Roundabouts: Give priority to traffic from the right (Rule 184-190)
Signal correctly: left exit = signal left on approach; right exit = signal right then left after passing exit before yours
Box junctions: MUST NOT enter unless exit clear (Rule 174)
Overtaking ▼
Overtaking ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Identify a safe, imminent opportunity to overtake
Identify a safe return gap that will not affect other traffic
Accurately judge speed differences between you and the vehicle(s) to be overtaken
Never plan to exceed the speed limit
Be prepared to cancel the manoeuvre if circumstances change
Motorcycle Roadcraft - Three-Stage Overtake
Stage 1 - Following position: Safe distance (2-second rule), assess conditions. If no intention to overtake, stay here
Stage 2 - Overtaking position: Closer to vehicle ahead, offside rear corner. Select responsive gear. Best view ahead. Only take this position in readiness to overtake
Stage 3 - The overtake: Accelerate past, consider hazards beyond, return safely to nearside. Don't cut in
Three questions: Do I need to? Is it safe? Is my machine capable?
1 in 8 fatal rural collisions involves overtaking
Filtering: Keep speed low. Watch for pedestrians, doors, emerging vehicles, other filtering bikes. Never use hazard warning lights
Move quickly past, allow plenty of room, return to left when safe (Rule 163)
MUST NOT overtake across solid double white lines, near pedestrian crossings, after No Overtaking signs (Rule 165)
DO NOT overtake approaching corners, bends, hump bridges, brow of hills (Rule 166)
Being overtaken: maintain steady course and speed, never obstruct (Rule 168)
Motorways & Dual Carriageways ▼
Motorways and Dual Carriageways ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Identify and use signs in planning; gather information on traffic flow when entering
Conduct appropriate mirror and blind spot checks
Adopt appropriate entry position; use slip road to build speed and position alongside gap
Use nearside lane whenever possible; maintain overtaking lane until sensible gap appears
Adopt at least a two-second following position; extend in adverse conditions
Balance progress with restraint
Recognise differences between motorways (blue signs, restricted users) and dual carriageways (green/white signs, all users, junctions from either side)
Motorcycle Roadcraft
At 70mph you travel 31 metres per second - extend observation in all directions
No "slow" or "fast" lanes - overtake to the right only
Don't sit in other drivers' blind spots; move rapidly through them
Watch for slower vehicles pulling out and faster vehicles from behind
Leaving: Lose speed in deceleration lane, not on main carriageway. Check speedometer - 50mph may feel like 30mph after motorway speed
Smart motorways: Watch for stationary vehicles in live lanes; hard shoulder may be an active lane
Weather at speed: Fog reduces speed perception. Rain/spray from large vehicles. Strong gusts when leaving cuttings or crossing open country
Highway Code
MUST NOT exceed speed limit (Rule 261)
MUST NOT reverse, cross central reservation, or drive against traffic flow (Rule 262)
Keep left unless overtaking (Rule 264)
Red flashing signals / Red X = MUST NOT enter that lane (Rule 256)
If you miss your exit, carry on to the next one (Rule 262)
MUST NOT stop on carriageway, hard shoulder, slip road except in emergency (Rule 271)
Speed, Gears & Progress ▼
Speed Limits & Acceleration Sense ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Advanced riding isn't about making maximum progress - it's about making the level of progress required safely in the given conditions
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Acceleration sense: The ability to vary speed by throttle alone, reducing or eliminating brake use. Requires observation, anticipation and knowledge of the machine
Common mistakes: accelerating hard then braking for slower traffic, accelerating into closing gaps
Speed perception can be distorted: leaving motorways, in low visibility, on smoother/quieter machines, on wide open roads - always check speedometer
Reduce speed for hazards, bends, pedestrians/cyclists/horse riders, bad weather, night (Rule 125)
At least 2-second gap on fast roads. Double on wet. More on ice (Rule 126)
Choice of Gear & Timing of Changes ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Develop sound knowledge of the machine's performance in each gear
Engage the correct gear for the speed now, while taking account of what may be required in the immediate future
Select a gear with sufficient flexibility to allow for speeding up and slowing down
Conduct gear changes smoothly; match engine revolutions to road speed
Know when to select neutral when stationary for a period
Motorcycle Roadcraft
"Brakes are for slowing, gears are for going"
Two acceptable techniques for downshifting:
Hold clutch and change down multiple gears, engage drive only in the required gear
Work through each gear sequentially, briefly engaging each
Match engine speed to road speed when releasing clutch (blip throttle)
Engine braking operates only on rear wheel and gives no brake light warning to following traffic
Consider higher gears for fuel economy as long as they provide adequate performance
Electric & Automatic Motorcycles ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
No gear changes: Electric and automatic motorcycles have no manual gear selection - the Gear phase of IPSGA is not applicable in the traditional sense, but the rider must still ensure the machine is in the correct mode and the power delivery is appropriate for the situation
Regenerative braking: Electric motorcycles use regenerative braking to recover energy when the throttle is closed; this creates noticeable deceleration without the brake light activating unless a brake is applied - be aware following traffic may not anticipate this
Instant torque: Electric motors deliver maximum torque immediately; smooth, progressive throttle inputs are even more important to avoid rear wheel spin, especially in wet conditions
Riding modes: Most electric and modern automatic motorcycles offer selectable riding modes (e.g. rain, eco, sport) that alter throttle response and regenerative braking strength - select the appropriate mode for conditions
IPSGA principles remain fully applicable; adapt the Gear phase to mean: select appropriate riding mode and ensure power delivery setting suits the hazard being negotiated
Rider Assistance Systems ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Modern riding aids complement skills - they do not replace them. Know what systems are fitted to your motorcycle and understand their limitations
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System): Prevents wheel lock-up under hard braking. Apply brakes fully and do not release when you feel the system pulsing. ABS retains directional stability but does not shorten stopping distances on loose or gravel surfaces - some systems allow ABS to be disabled off-road
Traction Control: Reduces engine power or applies braking to prevent rear wheel spin under acceleration. Particularly valuable in wet conditions. Intervening traction control is a signal to reconsider throttle inputs and road surface
Riding Modes: Mode selection typically adjusts throttle response mapping, traction control sensitivity, and ABS intervention threshold:
Rain/Urban: Gentler throttle response, higher ABS and traction control sensitivity - suited to low grip or congested conditions
Road/Standard: Balanced settings for normal riding
Sport/Dynamic: Sharper throttle response, reduced traction control intervention - suited to dry, open roads only
Cornering ABS / Lean-sensitive systems: Some modern motorcycles adjust ABS and traction control thresholds based on lean angle sensors - do not rely on these to compensate for excessive speed into corners
Always select the mode appropriate for current conditions before setting off
Acceleration ▼
Smoothness ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Can the associate operate all controls in a smooth and accomplished manner without undue effort?
The vehicle should not be adversely unbalanced
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Smooth, progressive, accurate throttle movements are essential
Jerky throttle wastes fuel, reduces grip, and jeopardises stability
Maintain positive throttle (constant speed) through bends for best stability
Never accelerate to increase road speed while cornering
Anticipation and Planning ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Assess factors when deciding on the amount of acceleration: speed limit, road surface, lean angle, grip, weather, proximity of next hazard
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Acceleration should be smooth and progressive
Choose an appropriate point to accelerate smoothly away from a hazard
The harder you accelerate, the less cornering ability you have (tyre grip trade-off)
Progress and Restraint ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
The correct degree of acceleration will allow for safe unobtrusive progress
Understand that advanced riding isn't about making maximum progress - it's about making the required level of progress safely
Restraint should be balanced with progress, allowing the ride to flow
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Advanced riders make considered effort to complete manoeuvres within the shortest possible time, but within the speed limit
Balance between when to use restraint and when to make progress
Other Skills ▼
Steering ▶
Motorcycle Roadcraft
All steering inputs should be made smoothly and accurately
Counter-steering is the primary steering mechanism above approximately 20mph: Push left handlebar to go right; push right handlebar to go left. This is not an advanced technique - it is the physics of how all two-wheeled vehicles steer at speed. The common misconception that you turn the bars like a bicycle is incorrect above walking pace and can cause instability
Apply counter-steering pressure smoothly. Abrupt or harsh inputs unsettle the suspension and reduce grip
Slight forward lean, arms slightly bent (not locked), forearms roughly parallel to ground
The sharper the bend or higher the speed, the more lean angle is needed - more counter-steering force is required
Spoken Thoughts (Commentary Riding) ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Commentary riding applies to all advanced riders - not just car drivers. It is a testable competency on the advanced motorcycle test
The rider narrates what they see, what they anticipate, and what they plan to do: "I can see a junction ahead, checking mirrors, positioning left, slowing..."
Enables the observer to verify that the rider's thought process matches their actions - confirming OAP (Observation, Anticipation, Planning) is being applied correctly
A good commentary demonstrates awareness of hazards before reaching them, not after
Commentary does not need to be continuous - focus on decision points and hazards
Practice commentary riding solo to develop the habit before it is assessed
Knowledge of Highway Code & Course Material ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Does the associate have a sound understanding of the Highway Code and advanced course materials?
Do they have sound knowledge of the technology fitted to their vehicle?
Modern riding aids (ABS, traction control, sat-nav) should complement skills, not replace them
Courtesy to Other Road Users ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Use courtesy in approaching hazards: thanking other road users, giving way when appropriate
Consider effects on others (when overtaking, approaching puddles near kerb, etc.)
Highway Code
Be patient. Do not become agitated. Slow down if someone pulls out in front (Rule 147)
MUST NOT throw anything from vehicle (Rule 147)
Promote safe sharing of road space
Vehicle / Machine Sympathy ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Take opportunities to rest the engine in higher gears when appropriate for both vehicle sympathy and fuel efficiency
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Don't over-rev or allow the engine to labour
Change up early for economy; use peak performance only for rapid progress
Fuel-efficient riding: avoid unnecessary acceleration and braking, use acceleration sense, keep to the speed limit
Slow Riding ▼
Slow Manoeuvring ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
Ride at walking pace under control
Ride at walking pace, speed up and slow to walking pace
Bring machine to controlled stop with left foot down and right foot down
Perform a U-turn in the width of the road
Pull away with lock applied
Complete a simple slalom course through cones
Understand balance when manually handling a motorcycle
Manually handle a motorcycle into parking bay (standing alongside, not paddling)
Place motorcycle on and off centre stand and side stand
Motorcycle Roadcraft
Motorcycles become more stable with forward motion - as speed decreases, weight distribution matters more
Rear brake as primary speed control: At low speeds, use the rear brake as the main speed regulator. It provides smooth, progressive deceleration without the front-end dive associated with the front brake, keeping the bike more stable and balanced
Friction zone (clutch slipping point): The friction zone is the range of clutch lever movement where the clutch is partially engaged - the bike moves but the engine does not stall. Mastering the friction zone gives fine-speed control at walking pace and is the key technique for slow manoeuvring
Head position and looking through the turn: Keep your head up and look through the intended arc of the turn - do not look down at the ground in front of the wheel. Looking at the kerb or an obstacle is the primary cause of running into it (target fixation applies at low speed too)
Practice in a large space first, then gradually reduce available space
It is safer to manoeuvre while standing alongside the machine rather than paddling
A motorcycle requires very little effort to keep upright when vertical; even a small lean multiplies the effort significantly
Test Sheet Competencies ▼
All 23 Advanced Test Competencies ▶
Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
The advanced motorcycle test assesses the following 23 competencies. Any grade 3 (Requires Development) on the test results in an unsuccessful outcome. For a F1RST result, no more than two categories may be scored 2, and Safety & Legality and Slow Manoeuvring must score 1.
1. Safety and legality - Machine roadworthy, legal, rider fit to ride
Birmingham Advanced Motorcyclists